Medical Knowledge Part 12

Medical Knowledge Part 12

1. Choose the correct route of oxygenated blood in the body starting from its oxygenation:

A
Lungs →Pulmonary artery →Left atrium →Left ventricle →Aorta →Tissues →Vena cava→Right atrium→ Right ventricle →Pulmonary vein→Lungs
B
Lungs →Pulmonary vein →Left atrium →Left ventricle →Aorta →Tissues →Pulmonary artery →Right atrium→ Right ventricle →Vena cava→Lungs
C
Lungs →Pulmonary vein →Left atrium →Left ventricle →Aorta →Tissues →Vena cava→Right atrium→ Right ventricle →Pulmonary artery→Lungs
D
Lungs →Pulmonary artery →Left atrium →Left ventricle →Aorta →Tissues →Vena cava→Right atrium→ Right ventricle →Pulmonary artery→Tissues

🔹Solution:

The correct option is C Lungs →Pulmonary vein →Left atrium →Left ventricle →Aorta →Tissues →Vena cava→Right atrium→ Right ventricle →Pulmonary artery→Lungs
The circulation of blood in human body is of two types:

- Systemic circulation: The system of blood vessels that ensures the supply of oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all the body organs and return of deoxygenated blood to the right atrium is called systemic circulation.

- Pulmonary circulation: The system of regular oxygenation of blood returning to the right atrium is carried out by arteries carrying deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and pulmonary vein bringing back the oxygenated blood to the left atrium is called pulmonary circulation.

Right side of the heart: deoxygenated blood
Left side of the heart: oxygenated blood
▪️Deoxygenated blood is taken to the lungs by pulmonary artery.
▪️Oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart into the aorta.
▪️Deoxygenated blood is brought back to the heart by vena cava
▪️Oxygenated blood is brought back to the heart by pulmonary vein
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2. Which of the following statement(s) wrong with regard to heart?

A. Left atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body while right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs.
B. Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different body parts while right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
C. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs while left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different parts of the body.
D. Pulmonary vein carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and pulmonary artery brings oxygenated blood towards the heart.

A
A and C

B
C only

C
Both A and D✔️

D
D only

🔹 Solution:

The correct option is C Both A and D

The heart is a muscular organ present in all living beings and pumps blood through the blood vessels.

In humans, mammals, and birds this is four-chambered upper left and right atria, and lower left and right ventricle.

De-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the vena cavae and passes to the right ventricle from where it is pumped into the pulmonary artery and enters pulmonary circulation where it receives oxygen from the lungs.

Oxygenated blood which returns to the left atrium, passes through the left ventricle through which it is pumped out to different body parts.

Hence, the correct option is C.
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3. Which of the following statement (s) is (are) true about heart?

(i) Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from different parts of the body while right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from lungs.
(ii) Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different body parts while right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs.
(iii) Left atrium transfers oxygenated blood to right ventricle which sends it to different parts of the body.
(iv) Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body while left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different parts of the body.

A (i)
B (ii)
C (ii) and (iv)✔️
D (i) and (iii)

🔹 Solution:

The correct option is C (ii) and (iv)

Humans show double circulation. The blood pumped by the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery, whereas the left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta.

The deoxygenated blood pumped into the pulmonary artery is passed onto the lungs from where the oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. This pathway constitutes the pulmonary circulation.

The oxygenated blood entering the aorta is carried by a network of arteries, arterioles and capillaries to the tissues from where the deoxygenated blood is collected by a system of venules, veins and vena cava and emptied into the right atrium.

This is the systemic circulation. The systemic circulation provides nutrients, O2 and other essential substances to the tissues and takes CO2 and other harmful substances away for elimination.
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4. Which of the following statement(s) wrong with regard to heart?

A. Left atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body while right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs.
B. Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different body parts while right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
C. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs while left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different parts of the body.
D. Pulmonary vein carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and pulmonary artery brings oxygenated blood towards the heart.

A. A and C
B. C only
C. Both A and D✔️
D. D only

🔹Solution:

The correct option is C Both A and D
The heart is a muscular organ present in all living beings and pumps blood through the blood vessels.

In humans, mammals, and birds this is four-chambered upper left and right atria, and lower left and right ventricle.

De-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the vena cavae and passes to the right ventricle from where it is pumped into the pulmonary artery and enters pulmonary circulation where it receives oxygen from the lungs.

Oxygenated blood which returns to the left atrium, passes through the left ventricle through which it is pumped out to different body parts.

Hence, correct option is C.
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5. What can be helpful during the accident of a person?

1. Vehicle repair
2. First aid
3. Legal aid
4. Police aid
5. Not Attempted

Option 2 : First aid

Key Points

▪️First aid:

It refers to the emergency or immediate care you should provide when a person is injured or ill until full medical treatment is available.

▪️The Golden hour:

The first hour after the trauma is called the 'golden hour.

Instant and proper first aid given to road accident victims during this hour increases the chance of survival manifold and reduces the severity of injuries.

▪️Additional Information

Vehicle repair:

During road accidents, vehicle repair is secondary to the life of a person. hence it is done at a later time.

Police Aid:

It can be asked if the police station is nearby.
If not, first aid is the best option.
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6. The CPR that should be done to the heart attack patients per minute is

1. 3 times
2. 6 times
3. 2 times
4. 10 times
5. Not Attempted

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : 2 times

▪️Important Points

🔹CPR with rescue breaths:

1. Place the heel of your hand on the centre of the person's chest, then place the palm of your other hand on top and press down by 5 to 6cm (2 to 2.5 inches) at a steady rate of 100 to 120 compressions a minute.

2. After every 30 chest compressions, give 2 rescue breaths.

3. Tilt the person's head gently and lift the chin up with 2 fingers.

4. Pinch the person's nose.

5. Seal your mouth over their mouth and blow steadily and firmly into their mouth for about 1 second.

6. Check that their chest rises.

7. Give 2 rescue breaths.

8. Continue with cycles of 30 chest compressions and 2 rescue breaths until they begin to recover or emergency help arrives.

Thus, the CPR that should be done on heart attack patients per minute is 2 times.

▪️Additional Information

🔹The first aid:

1. First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury.

2. It is usually performed by a non-expert person on a sick or injured person until appropriate medical treatment can be accessed in a hospital or by going to a doctor.

3. It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.

4. Examples of some first aid techniques are CPR, RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation) for tissue injury etc.
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7.  What is the correct first aid, for a bleeding victim in the workshop?

1. Allow blood to clot on its own
2. Apply direct pressure to the bleeding area with sterile cloth
3. Apply grease on the wound to stop bleeding
4. Carry him immediately to the nearest hospital
5. Not Attempted

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : Apply direct pressure to the bleeding area with sterile cloth

🔹Severe bleeding

1. Any wound which is bleeding profusely, especially in the wrist, hand or fingers must be considered serious and must receive professional attention

2. As an immediate first aid measure, pressure on the wound itself is the best means of stopping the bleeding and avoiding infection

🔹Immediate action

1. Always in cases of severe bleeding make the patient lie down and rest

2. if possible, raise the injured part above the level of the body

3. apply pressure to the wound

4. call for medical assistance

🔹To control severe bleeding

1. Squeeze together the sides of the wound

2. Apply pressure as long as it is necessary to stop the bleeding

3. When the bleeding has stopped, put a dressing over the wound and cover it with a pad of soft material

🔹Large wound

1. Apply a clean pad and bandage firmly in place.

2. If bleeding is very severe apply more than one dressing

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8. Which is NOT one of the objectives of First-Aid?

1. To prolong the treatment
2. To preserve life
3. To prevent further injury
4. To put the injured under medical care at the earliest
5. Not Attempted

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : To prolong the treatment

First aid involves various actions which are undertaken when required in situations of emergency due to accident, fall, injury, diseases, or any other causes which threaten the safety and well-being of the person in need (victim).

The situations which require first aid can occur anywhere and immediate treatment can improve the condition of the victim.

🔹Aims of First Aid:

The various purposes of first aid are to :

1. Maintain the comfort of the victim.
2. Help the victim to reach regular medical care at the earliest.
3. It saves Life.
4. Prevent worsening of the victim’s condition.
5. To reduce pain and suffering.
6. Promote or helps in early recovery.
7. Prevent further injury or damage.
8. Prevent complications related to injury or illness.​

🔹​Important Points

Important Rules of First Aid:

When providing first aid, keep the following principles/rules in mind:

1. Do first things first, quickly and calmly.
2. Don’t waste time on unnecessary questions.
Decide the priority of first aid measures based 3. on the victim’s condition.
4. Initiate first aid without making any delay.
5. Always be watchful for your personal safety.
6. Do not put yourself at risk by attempting heroic rescues in hazardous circumstances or in any serious situations.
7. Maintain control of emotions.
8. Don’t give anything to drink to an unconscious or semiconscious victim.
9. Don’t wake up an unconscious victim by slapping or shaking.
10. Call for medical assistance immediately.
11. Use safe practices while giving first aid care.
12. Help in the transportation of the victim to the hospital or medical facility.

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9. Tenorrhaphy is the suturing of a tendon.

Tenorrhaphy is a surgical procedure that involves suturing or stitching a tendon.

It is performed to repair a torn or severed tendon, typically due to an injury or trauma.

The goal of tenorrhaphy is to restore the continuity of the tendon, allowing it to heal and regain its function.

The procedure is usually performed by a skilled surgeon and may involve various techniques depending on the specific tendon involved and the extent of the injury.

Postoperative rehabilitation and physical therapy are often necessary to optimize the healing process and restore proper function to the affected area.