GNM Nursing Psychology - Questions and Answers 🍁Unit III: Cognitive Processes

GNM Nursing Psychology - Questions and Answers

Unit III: Cognitive Processes

Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)

1. What is meant by attention? Discuss the various determinate of attention.

Meaning: Attention is a selective mental activity that is selecting one stimulus for observation.

¶ Types of attention

1. Involuntary attention.

2. Voluntary attention

3. Division (or) span of attention.

4. Duration of Attention - (shifting attention)

5. Distraction of attention.

¶ Determinants of Attention:

1. Internal factor - Interest, habit, Attitude, mood....

2. External factor - Loud noise, colourful picture...

2. Explain the various principles of PERCEPTION with suitable examples. Define

perception.

Meaning: Notice some thing through our sense organ is perception.

¶ Law of perception/principle of perception:

1. Principle of figure ground relationship (background)

2. Stimulus (situation).

¶ Groping of Stimulus:

1. Proximity.

2. Closer.

3. Similarity.

4. Continuity.

¶ Factors influencing perception:

• Past experience.

• Personal interest

• Memory

• Mind set (mood/mental set)

• Belief

¶ Factors affecting perception:

• Poor sense organ.

• Weak stimuli.

• Too many stimuli (Many things)

• Wrong perception.

• Illness.

3. What are the factors that determine attention?

Meaning: Attention is a selective mental activity that is selecting one stimulus for observation.

¶ Types of attention

1. Involuntary attention.

2. Voluntary attention

3. Division (or) span of attention.

4. Duration of Attention - (shifting attention)

5. Distraction of attention.

¶ Determinants of Attention:

1. Internal factor - Interest, habit, Attitude, mood....

2. External factor - Loud noise, colourful picture...

4. Explain about the law of learning

1.Law of Readiness

Readiness means the willingness to do a job. In the absence of willingness, learning cannot be effective. Learning can only take place if a student is ready to learn.

2. Law of Exercise

Repetition is fundamental to the development of adequate responses. Thus, things more often repeated are easiest to learn. The more a student practice a concept, the better they can retain that knowledge.

3. Law of Effect

Learning strengthens when a satisfying feeling accompanies it, and it weakens with an unpleasant experience.

The flexibility that the digital domain provides reduces the stress in both teachers and students. 

4. Law of Intensity

The more excitement an online course creates, the more likely it will attract students. Building a strong emotion with students is essential to making your online classes successful.

5. Law of Primacy

The first learning experience of the students should be positive; else they wouldn't enroll in your course.

6. Law of Recency

Students best remember the things they learned or read most recently.

Reviews, exams, tests, or projects can help students re-visiting the learning material to refresh their concepts. In addition, revising a concept or theory just before implementing it will ensure a better performance.

5. Define learning and explain the trial and error leaming proposed by Thorndike.

Meaning:  Learning is the modification of human behaviour through experience.

According to Thorndike, learning takes place by trial and error.

This means that when there is no immediate or automatic solution to a problem, an individual tries one solution, and if that does not work, the person rejects it and tries another.

This occurs until the person finds the correct solution. This allows them to eliminate errors and irrelevant responses.

6. What is operant conditioning? Discuss with examples how you would utilize reinforce in shapping behaviors.

Operant conditioning

Operant conditioning is the process of learning through reinforcement and punishment.

In operant conditioning, behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the consequences of that behavior.

Operant conditioning was defined and studied by behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner.

• Example of Shaping

An example of shaping is when a baby or a toddler learns to walk. They are reinforced for crawling, then standing, then taking one step, then taking a few steps, and finally for walking. Reinforcement is typically in the form of lots of praise and attention from the child’s parents.

Another example is teaching a child to brush his teeth. Shaping is present when the child is reinforced for getting better and better at brushing their teeth. 

7. Define learning. Briefly explain Pavlov's classical conditioning with a suitable experiment?

Meaning:  Learning is the modification of human behaviour through experience.

• Pavlov’s Experiment

Pavlov was conducting research on the digestion of dogs when he noticed that the dogs’ physical reactions to food subtly changed over time. At first, the dogs would only salivate when the food was placed in front of them. However, later they salivated slightly before their food arrived. Pavlov realized that they were salivating at the noises that were consistently present before the food arrived; for example, the sound of a food cart is approaching.

To test his theory, Pavlov set up an experiment in which he rang a bell shortly before presenting food to the dogs. At first, the dogs elicited no response to the bells. However, eventually, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone.

8. Define learning. Explain theories of learning.

Meaning:  Learning is the modification of human behaviour through experience.

Thorndike's law of learning

1) Law of Readiness:-

Readiness means preparation of action. If one is not prepared to learn, learning cannot be automatically instilled in him.

2) Law of Exercise:-

The second law of learning is the ‘Law of Exercise’, which means that drill or practice helps in increasing efficiency and durability of learning.

3) Law of Effect:-

The third law is the ‘Law of Effect’, according to which the trial or steps leading to satisfaction stamps in the bond or connection. In other words, the greater satisfaction will be the motive to learn. Thus, intensity is an important condition of ‘law of effect’.

9. Compare between classical an operant conditioning.

Classical Conditioning

• First described by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist

• Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors

• Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex

Operant Conditioning

• First described by B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist

• Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behavior

• Focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors

10. Define thinking. Explain steps in creative thinking and characteristics of creative person.

Meaning: Thinking is a higher mental activity.

Thinking usually takes place when an individual facing a problem (or) un-familiar Situation.

The four stages of the creative process: 

Stage 1: Preparation

The creative process begins with preparation: gathering information and materials, identifying sources of inspiration, and acquiring knowledge about the project or problem at hand. 

Stage 2: Incubation

Next, the ideas and information gathered in stage 1 marinate in the mind. 

Stage 3: Illumination

Next comes the elusive aha moment. After a period of incubation, insights arise from the deeper layers of the mind and break through to conscious awareness, often in a dramatic way. 

Stage 4: Verification

Following the aha moment, the words get written down, the vision is committed to paint or clay, the business plan is developed. 

Characteristics of creative people:

Curious. 

Playful. ...

Open-minded. ...

Flexible. ...

Sensitive. ...

Independent. ...

Risk-taking. ...

Intuitive.

11. Define intelligence. Describe various theories of intelligence.

Definition: Intelligence is the ability to understand how to overcome difficulties independently. 

Theories of intelligence:

Spearman’s General Intelligence: General intelligence, also known as g factor, refers to a general mental ability that, according to Spearman, underlies multiple specific skills, including verbal, spatial, numerical and mechanical.

Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities: The seven primary mental abilities in Thurstone's model are verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, perceptual speed, memory, and inductive reasoning. 

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences: Gardner initially proposed seven multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, and he has since added naturalist intelligence.

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence: According to the triarchic theory, intelligence has three aspects: analytical, creative, and practical. 

12. How intelligence and abilities are measured describe

The intelligence quotient (IQ) is a measure of intelligence that is adjusted for age. 

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is the most widely used IQ test for adults.

Brain volume, speed of neural transmission, and working memory capacity are related to IQ.

Between 40% and 80% of the variability in IQ is due to genetics, meaning that overall genetics plays a bigger role than the environment does in creating IQ differences among individuals.

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Short answer questions (5 Marks)

1. Body-mind relationship

The mind-body connection is the link between a person’s thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors and their physical health. 

While scientists have long understood that our emotions can affect our bodies, we’re just now beginning to understand how emotions influence health and longevity.

2. Glands Twins (Conjoined twins)

Conjoined twins are two babies who are born physically connected to each other.

Conjoined twins develop when an early embryo only partially separates to form two individuals. Although two babies develop from this embryo, they remain physically connected — most often at the chest, abdomen or pelvis. Conjoined twins may also share one or more internal body organs.

3. Twins

Twins are siblings who are born at the same time, either as identical twins or fraternal twins. Identical twins are created when a single fertilized egg splits into two separate embryos, resulting in two babies with identical genetic material. Fraternal twins are created when two separate eggs are fertilized by two separate sperm, resulting in two babies with different genetic material.

Twins can be monozygotic (identical) or dizygotic (fraternal), and can be born naturally or through assisted reproductive technology. Twins often share a special bond with one another, and many twins report feeling a strong sense of connection with their sibling.

Twins have been the subject of scientific study for many years, as they provide a unique opportunity to study the role of genetics and environment in human development. Studies of twins have helped scientists better understand the role of genetics in a variety of traits and conditions, including intelligence, personality, and diseases.

Overall, twins are a fascinating subject and provide a unique lens through which to study human development and genetics.

4.. Attention

Meaning: Attention is a selective mental activity that is selecting one stimulus for observation.

¶ Types of attention

1. Involuntory attention.

2. Voluntary attention

3. Division (or) span of attention.

4. Duration of Attention - (shifting attention)

5. Distraction of attention.

5. Determinants of attentions

Determinants of Attention:

1. Internal factor - Interest, habit, Attitude, mood....

2. External factor - Loud noise, colourful picture...

6. External factors of attentions

External factors: Come from surroundings and make concentration on relevant stimuli easier or more difficult. 

Some examples are:

• Intensity: strength of stimulus 

• Size: the bigger a stimulus is the more attention resources it captures.

• Movement: moving stimuli capture more attention than ones that remain static.

• Novelty: newer or strange stimuli attract more of our attention.

• Change: if a different stimulus appears that breaks the dynamic, our attention will be directed to the new stimulus.

• Colour: colourful stimuli are more attention grabbing than black and white ones.

• Contrast: stimuli that contrast against a group attract more of our attention.

• Emotional burden: positive just as much as negative stimuli attract our attention more than neutral ones.

7. Type of attention 

1. Involuntory attention.

2. Voluntary attention

3. Division (or) span of attention.

4. Duration of Attention - (shifting attention)

5. Distraction of attention.

8. Principles of study habits

• Students’ prior knowledge can help or hinder learning.

• How students organize knowledge influences how they learn and apply what they know.

• Students’ motivation determines, directs, and sustains what they do to learn.

• To develop mastery, students must acquire component skills, practice integrating them, and know when to apply what they have learned.

• Goal-directed practice coupled with targeted feedback enhances the quality of students’ learning.

• Students’ current level of development interacts with the social, emotional, and intellectual climate of the course to impact learning.

• To become self-directed learners, students must learn to monitor and adjust their approaches to learning.

9. Study habit

Study habit is an action such as reading,taking notes, holding study groups which the students perform regularly and habitually in order to accomplish the task of learning. Study habits can be described as effective or ineffective depending upon whether or not they serve the students well.

10. Type of sensation

Broadly, these sensations can classify into two categories. First, general sensations which include touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, and pressure. Vision, hearing, taste, and smell are special senses which convey sensations to the brain through cranial nerves.

11. Inaccurate perception

A perceptual error is the inability to judge humans, things or situations fairly and accurately. Examples could include such things as bias, prejudice, stereotyping, which have always caused human beings to err in different aspects of their lives.

12. Characteristic of perception

Perception is a selective process:

Perception requires sensation:

Perception involves organisation:

Perception involves past experience:

Change is the basis of perception:

Perception is objective as well as subjective:

Perception has an effective aspect:

13. Principles of perception

Our perceptions are based on perceptual hypotheses: educated guesses that we make while interpreting sensory information. These hypotheses are informed by a number of factors, including our personalities, experiences, and expectations. We use these hypotheses to generate our perceptual set. 

14. Hallucination and illusion

Hallucinations are a perception not based on sensory input, whereas illusions are a misinterpretation of a correct sensory input. Both phenomenon can be due to medication or drug, or to an altered mental status. Visual hallucinations can be formed (objects, people) or unformed (light, geometric figures).

15. James large theory

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that physical changes in the body happen first, which then leads to the experience of emotion. 

Essentially, emotions stem from your interpretation of your physical sensations. For example, your heart beating wildly would lead you to realize that you are afraid.

This theory is one of the earliest attempts to explain what causes emotions.Proposed independently by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange, the James-Lange theory of emotion suggested that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events.

In other words, this theory proposes that people have a physiological response to environmental stimuli and that their interpretation of that physical response is what leads to an emotional experience.

16. Role of reinforces in behavioural changes

Behavior modification is a type of behavior therapy. B. F. Skinner demonstrated that behavior could be shaped through reinforcement and/or punishment. Skinner noted that a reinforcer is a consequence that increases the likelihood of behavior to recur, while punishment is a consequence that decreases the chance. Positive and negative are used in mathematical terms. Positive indicates that something is added, and negative indicates something is subtracted or taken away. 

17. Thorndike's law of learning

1) Law of Readiness:-

Readiness means preparation of action. If one is not prepared to learn, learning cannot be automatically instilled in him.

2) Law of Exercise:-

The second law of learning is the ‘Law of Exercise’, which means that drill or practice helps in increasing efficiency and durability of learning.

3) Law of Effect:-

The third law is the ‘Law of Effect’, according to which the trial or steps leading to satisfaction stamps in the bond or connection. In other words, the greater satisfaction will be the motive to learn. Thus, intensity is an important condition of ‘law of effect’.

18. Laws of learning

Primary Laws of Learning
–Law of Readiness
–Law of Exercise
–Law of Effect

Secondary Laws of Learning
–Law of Primacy
–Law of Intensity
–Law of Recency
–other Subordinating Laws

19. Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning is the process by which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a stimulus in the environment, and as a result, the environmental stimulus eventually elicits the same response as the natural stimulus.

Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, who conducted a series of classic experiments with dogs.

Classical conditioning was embraced by the branch of psychology known as behaviorism.

20. Introspection method

• Introspection is defined as the process of directly examining one's own conscious mental states and processes or an examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.

• Introduced by EB Titchener

• Also known as the self-observation method

¶ Stages of Introspection

a) During the observation of an external object, the person begins to think over his own mental state.

b) The person begins to question the working of his own mind

c) He tries to frame the laws and conditions of mental processes.

21. Operant conditioning

Operant conditioning is the process of learning through reinforcement and punishment.

In operant conditioning, behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the consequences of that behavior.

Operant conditioning was defined and studied by behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner.

22. Four types of learning

• Visual

Fleming states that visual learners have a preference for seeing the material in order to learn it.

• Auditory

With this learning style, students have to hear information to truly absorb it.

• Reading and writing

Learners of this kind, do read and write.

• Kinesthetic

Kinesthetic learners tend to want to move while learning.

23. Trial and error leaming

According to Thorndike, learning takes place by trial and error.

This means that when there is no immediate or automatic solution to a problem, an individual tries one solution, and if that does not work, the person rejects it and tries another.

This occurs until the person finds the correct solution. This allows them to eliminate errors and irrelevant responses.

24. How to improve memory

• Be physically active every day. Physical activity raises blood flow to the whole body, including the brain. ...
• Stay mentally active. ...
• Spend time with others. ...
• Stay organized. ...
• Sleep well. ...
• Eat a healthy diet. ...
• Manage chronic health problems.

25. Forgetting

Meaning: Forgetting is the failure of recalling an idea or group of ideas.

According to munn - Forgetting is a permanent (or) temporary loss of ability to re-call.

¶ Types of Forgetting:

1. Natural forgetting (lapse of time).

2. Ab-normal forgetting

3 Specific forgetting.

4. Psychological forgetting

5. Biological forgetting

26. Cause of forgetting

• Forgetfulness can arise from stress, depression, lack of sleep or thyroid problems.

• Other causes include side effects from certain medicines, an unhealthy diet or not having enough fluids in your body (dehydration).

• Taking care of these underlying causes may help resolve your memory problems.

27. Theories of forgetting

1. The trace decay theory. (Lapse of time).

2. The interference theory. (flashing earlier or later)

3. The Repression theory. (Deliberate).

4. The consolidation theory. (Due to shock).

28. Discuss Forgetting during Health and Sickness

Memory loss may result from a new injury to the brain, which is caused by or is present after:

• Brain tumor,
• Cancer treatment, such as brain radiation, bone marrow transplant, or chemotherapy
• Concussion or head trauma
• Not enough oxygen getting to the brain when your heart or breathing is stopped for too long
• Severe brain infection or infection around brain
• Major surgery or severe illness, including brain surgery
• Transient global amnesia (sudden, temporary loss of memory) of unclear cause
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke
• Hydrocephalus (fluid collection in the brain)
• Multiple sclerosis
• Dementia

29. Intelligence

• Intelligence is the ability to understand how to overcome difficulties independently.

• According to Termon: Intelligence is the ability to convey abstract/scientific/logical/flexible thinking.

¶ Terman's classification of Intelligence:

1. Genius 2. Near Genius 3. Superior 4. Normal 5. Mental deficiency 6. Feeble mood (in firm or weak)

30. Intelligent quotient

The IQ is a measurement of your intelligence and is expressed in a number.

A person's IQ can be calculated by having the person take an intelligence test. The average IQ is 100. If you achieve a score higher than 100, you are smarter than the average person, and a lower score means you are (somewhat) less smart.

31. IQ

Measurement of intelligence is called IQ.

The intelligence quotient (IQ) refers to mental age (MA) expressed as a ratio of chronological age (CA) multiplied by 100. For IQ to remain stable, MA must increase with CA over time.

This is true until around 18 years, when intellectual abilities are usually fully developed.

32. Test of WAIS

The Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS) is an individually administered measure of intelligence, intended for adults aged 16–89.

Purpose:

The WAIS is intended to measure human intelligence reflected in both verbal and performance abilities.

Dr. David Wechsler, a clinical psychologist , believed that intelligence is a global construct, reflecting a variety of measurable skills and should be considered in the context of the overall personality.

The WAIS is also administered as part of a test battery to make inferences about personality and pathology, both through the content of specific answers and patterns of subtest scores.

33. Brief notes on Implications of Individual Difference in Nursing

Implications for Nursing

Nurses must understand that it is quite natural for their patients and people under their care to differ in respect of their likes and dislikes, levels of IQ and understanding, tolerance for the pain, adjustment to the new situations and environment, social and emotional adjustment etc. She must plan her nursing actions considering these differences in her mind.

The knowledge on individual differences helps nurses to learn and provide care which is unique for each individual.

Nurses can make their patients and relatives realize that all are not same and there is no point in comparing their treatment with that of others. They cannot simply copy the treatment of others and all cannot be benefitted in the same way.

Nurses can understand and guide or protect the patients with inferiority or superiority feelings under their care

34. Explain the levels of thinking

Tools of thinking (levels of thinking/elements of  thinking/instrument of thinking)

1. Image level thinking

Visual thinking has been described as seeing words as a series of pictures.

2. Concept level thinking

Conceptual thinking is the practice of connecting abstract, disparate ideas to deepen understanding, create new ideas and reflect on past decisions.

3. Symbol and signs

Signs and symbols are visual representations of ideas. They can create relationships between seemingly unconnected concepts. When the viewer takes a look, a link between the image and that which it represents is created in the mind.

4. Logical level thinking. (Flexible thinking/Scientific thinking)

They define six levels of thinking or situation: environment, behaviour, capability or competence, beliefs, identity and spirituality.

5. Language thinking

Language is the mirror of thinking, and it is one of the ways in which we communicate our rich cognitive world.

35. Introspection

Introspection is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.

In psychology, the process of introspection relies on the observation of one's mental state, while in a spiritual context it may refer to the examination of one's soul.

Introspection is closely related to human self-reflection and self-discovery and is contrasted with external observation.

Introspection generally provides a privileged access to one's own mental states, not mediated by other sources of knowledge, so that individual experience of the mind is unique.

Introspection can determine any number of mental states including: sensory, bodily, cognitive, emotional and so forth.

36. Stages involved in creative thinking

Creative thinking involves four stages:

1. Preparation:
In this stage the thinker formulates the problem and collects the facts and materials considered necessary for finding new solutions.

2. Incubation:
During this period some of the ideas that were interfering with the solution will tend to fade. .

3. Illumination:
Following the period of incubation the creative ideas occur suddenly.

4. Verification:
Though the solution is found in illumination stage, it is necessary to verify whether that solution is correct or not.
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Very short answer questions 

1. Attention

Attention is the ability to actively process specific information in the environment while tuning out other details.

2. Mention any four factors influencing attention.

Factors like thirst, hunger, curiosity, and fear affect attention

3. What are the types of attention?

There are four main types of attention that we use in our daily lives: selective attention, divided attention, sustained attention, and executive attention

4. Types of attention

There are four main types of attention that we use in our daily lives: selective attention, divided attention, sustained attention, and executive attention

5. Law of learning

Edward Thorndike developed the first three "Laws of learning:" readiness, exercise and effect.

6. Any three errors in perception

A perceptual error is the inability to judge humans, things or situations fairly and accurately.

Examples could include such things as bias, prejudice, stereotyping, which have always caused human beings to err in different aspects of their lives.

7. What are the types of "Error Perception"?

Perception error is that initial reaction that we may have when we first face any situation. The types are reactance and acceptance

8. Define perception

the ability to notice or understand something.

9. Define insight leaming

It is immediate and clear learning or understanding that takes place without overt trial-and-error testing

10. Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning is a behavioral procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus.

11. Write two types of conditioning learning

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

12. Name the major laws of learning

1. Law of Readiness
2. Law of Exercise
3. Law of Effect
4. Law of Intensity
5. Law of Primacy
6. Law of Recency

13. Explain transfer of learning

Transfer of learning means the use of previously acquired knowledge and skills in new learning or problem-solving situations.

14. Write types of memory

working memory.
sensory memory.
short-term memory.
long-term memory.

15. Short-term memory

Short-term memory is the capacity to store a small amount of information in mind and keep it available for a short time.

16. Write four kinds of memory.

working memory.
sensory memory.
short-term memory.
long-term memory.

17. Mnemonics

Mnemonics are memory devices that help learners recall larger pieces of information

18. Name any two types of intelligence test.

Binet-Simon Test, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and Raven's Progressive Matrices.

19. Name any four intelligence tests

Binet-Simon Test, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and Raven's Progressive Matrices.

20. Expand WAIS

Wechsler adult intelligent scale (WAIS)

21. Concept of IQ and RPM

IQ is Intelligent quotient. Ravens Progressive matrices (RPM) is one of the standard test used for measuring IQ.

22. What is the formula of IQ ?

Intelligence quotient (IQ) can be obtained by the equation MA/CA=IQ, where MA is mental age and CA is chronological age

23. Mention four factors influencing intelligence

Heredity and Environment
Sex
Age
Social and economical conditions
Culture
Health and Physical Development
Race and nationality

24. Raven's progressive matrices

Raven's Progressive Matrices (often referred to simply as Raven's Matrices) or RPM is a non-verbal test typically used to measure general human intelligence and abstract reasoning.

25. Mention any four traits of creative thinker

Curious
Playful.
Open-minded.
Flexible.
Sensitive.
Independent.
Risk-taking.

26. Aptitude test

An aptitude test is an exam used to determine an individual's skill or propensity to succeed in a given activity

27. Explain aptitude change

Aptitudes are our potential to learn skills which we develop and hone through time. What works, you continue using. What does not, you strive to change.

28. One of the determinants of attention in novelty? What is the meaning of novelty"?

The quality of being new and unusual. It is one of the major determining factors directing attention