For GNM Nursing students - Ist Year-Unit 1-Introduction to Psychology

For GNM Nursing students - Ist Year

Unit 1

Introduction to Psychology 

Syllabus:

• History and origin of science of psychology 

• Definition and scope of psychology

• Relevance of psychology to nursing 

• Methods of psychology

_____________________________________

Notes:

Define: PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts.

HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY

• Psychology started as a branch of philosophy. Psychology emerged as a science about 2000 years ago.

• The word psychology was formed from two Greek words 'Psyche' (soul) and 'logos' (doctrine).

• Psychology as a science was laid by the ancient Greek physician Alcmaeon in 6th century BC, who proposed that, 'mental life is a function of the brain'.

• Hippocrates known as the father of medicine. (460-370 BC)

• Socrates (469-399 BC) recognised mind also in addition to soul. He had analysed the activities of mind in the form of thinking, imagination, memory and dreams.

• Plato (428/ 7-348 BC) and Aristotle (384-322 BC) strengthened and continued the idea of Socrates. (Plato and Aristotle were students of Socrates)

Plato was more interested to know the role of mind in controlling human behaviour.

It was Aristotle who reunited psychological thought with natural studies and restored its close links with biology and medicine. He forwarded the idea of the inseparability of soul and the living body.

All these philosophers are from Greek.

METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY

In order to study the behaviour of an living organism psychologists have developed some methods.

They are:

1. Introspection Method

This method was introduced by EB Titchener.

This is also known as self-observation method. Introspection means 'to look within'.

It is not possible to understand the inner feelings and experiences of other persons. But the individual himself can observe and report.

Example: A patient can report about his pains and other disturbances in a better way than by a nurse.

Demerits:

(1) We cannot rely on the reports given by the observer.

(2) this method cannot be used to study children, animals and persons suffering from mental disorders.

➖

2. Observation Method

This method is very useful in the areas where experiments cannot be conducted.

Example: In the hospital the nurse will make observation of patient's temperature, pulse, BP, facial expressions, etc.

This method is very useful to study the children, mentally ill, animals and unconscious patients.

Demerits:

1. Results are observer centered.

2. Consumes more time and energy.

➖

3. Experimental Method

In this method, experiments are conducted in the laboratories under controlled conditions.

Experiments are done between Independent variables Vs dependent variables

Examples:

The effect of music on the level of blood pressure can be studied in laboratory settings. Here, the music is independent variable and the BP is dependent variable.

Steps followed in an experiment:

a. Identification of the problem

b. Formulation of hypothesis

c. Designing the experiment

d. Testing the hypothesis by experiment

e. Analysis of results

f. Interpretation of results.

Demerits:

(1) Conducting experiment is very expensive and time consuming.

(2) Experiments cannot be conducted outside the laboratory.

➖

4. Clinical Method/Case History Method

This method is used very commonly in hospitals and also in educational settings.

In hospitals, when a patient is admitted, the nurse can collect the detailed information includes the past history of the disease, treatment taken already, changes if any like improvement, present condition, probable causes, signs and symptoms, etc.

This information may be obtained from the patient, his close relatives like parents, siblings or others who accompany him or from his friends, neighbours, etc.

➖

5. Survey Method

This is used to gather the information from large number of people.

Questionnaires, checklists, rating scales, inventories are used to collect the required information.

➖

6. Genetic Method

This method is also called as developmental method. Most of our behaviours are the result of earlier experiences. In some cases when we need to understand some behaviour we need to know their developmental aspects also.

Example: I order to understand the behaviour of adults we need to know their childhood development.

This can be done by two ways:

(a) Cross-sectional study in which, the children of different age groups will be studied simultaneously

(b) Longitudinal study in which, the same individual will be studied in different stages of life.

➖

7. Testing Method

Different tests are developed by psychologists and available to study various aspects of behaviour.

The attitudes, interests, abilities, intelligence, adjustments, personality and such other factors which influence behaviour, can be studied by administering the suitable tests.

SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY/BRANCHES IN PSYCHOLOGY

• Psychology studies and explains the behaviour of entire living organisms.

• It also includes the behaviour of people from infancy to old age, the normal as well as abnormal.

Psychology is divided into two branches.

I. Pure Branches

The important pure branches are:

1. General psychology: This branch deals with the fundamental rules, principles and theories of psychology in relation to the study of behaviour of normal adult human beings.

2. Physiological psychology: This branch describes the biological basis of behaviour. The functioning of the brain, nervous system, glands and their relation to cognitive, conative and affective behaviour is explained in this branch of psychology.

3. Developmental psychology: Human life passes through various stages of development from conception to old age. This branch explains the growth and development of various processes in relation to behaviour.

4. Child psychology: Childhood extends from 2 to 12 years. This is a crucial period in the life. Future life depends upon development during childhood. Growth and development will be rapid during this stage. Child psychology deals with these aspects.

5. Animal psychology: This branch deals with behaviour of animals. Many psychological experiments are conducted to know the functioning of mind in animals. Animals like rats, dogs, chimpanzees, pigeons, guinea pigs, cats are some of the animals used for experimentation.

6. Abnormal psychology: Abnormal psychology deals with various kinds of mental disorders, their symptoms and causes.

7. Social psychology: Social psychology deals with interrelationships of people among themselves, likes and dislikes of people, attitudes and interests, the prejudices and social distances people have, group behaviour, group cohesiveness, group conflicts, etc.

8. Parapsychology: Some of the psychological experiences are beyond the reach of 5 sense organs. That is why they are called extra sensory perceptions (ESP) or sixth sense.

Some of the phenomena studied in ESP are as follows:

a. Clairvoyance: This is referred to as tele-vision which is seeing the distant things mentally.

b. Telepathy: Transformations of emotions from one person to another person who is in a far of place.

c. Psychokinesis: Moving the objects without direct contact but through power of mind is called Psychokinesis.

d. Precognition: Knowing the future happenings well in advance.

e. Contacting souls: There are some reports that the souls of dead people are contacted through people called Mediums.

II. Applied Branches

a. Educational psychology: Useful in Teaching - Learning methodologies

b. Clinical psychology: This branch deals with the therapeutic aspect of mental disorders.

c. Industrial psychology: Industrial psychology seeks application of psychological principles, theories and techniques for the study of all these problems.

d. Counselling psychology: This branch also helps people to overcome adjustment problems.

In addition to the above, there are many other applied branches like Military psychology, Legal psychology/Criminal psychology, Political psychology, etc.

In this way, psychology has broadened its scope today and gaining more and more importance.

RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY TO NURSING

Florence Nightingale was the first nurse in the history of nursing.

She rendered her services to the soldiers in the war field. From then

onwards nursing became a profession.

The nurses are the professionals meant for care of patients. Therefore The knowledge of psychology will help nurse to understand the problems and needs of patients and attend to them.

She can understand the motives, attitudes, perceptions and personality characteristics of patients in a better way. This will help the patients to attain quick relief and cure-which is the basic motto of a nurse.

Psychology is relevant not only in physical health care, but also highly relevant in the field of mental health.

The knowledge of psychology will help nurses to understand abnormal behaviours and help the patients. Nurses working in mental hospitals definitely need the full knowledge of general, abnormal, clinical and counselling psychology.

The knowledge of psychology will help her to understand her own strengths and weaknesses. By knowing these aspects, she can try to overcome such weaknesses which affect her work, and she may develop the good personality characteristics and abilities to carry on her responsibilities, and do her duties effectively and efficiently.

SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

The important schools of psychology are

1) Structuralism

2) Functionalism

3) Behaviorism

4) Psychoanalysis

5) Gestalt psychology

➖

STRUCTURALISM

Wilhelm Wundt a German psychologist was the father of Structuralism.

The main objective of psychology is to study and understand the structure of human mind.

According to structuralists, The mind is the sum total of various mental experiences (thoughts feelings experiences pain joy, sorrow etc.) and the consciousness is the sum total of mental experiences at a given time.

➖

FUNCTIONALISM

The school of functionalism was initiated by William James, the father of American psychology.

According to functionalism the aim of psychology is the study of' 'what for' and 'what of' mental process.

➖

BEHAVIOURISM

J.B Watson an American psychologist is the founder of Behavior school.

The notable psychologist in this school is skinner Thorndike Pavlov etc.

According to behaviouralism psychology is purely experimented branch of the natural sciences, the object of which is to elaborate, control and predict behavior.

➖

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

Sigmund Freud, The founder of this school.

It stresses study of human behavior through the analysis of unconscious mental process by using the free association and dream analysis.

Human mind has three parts conscious, unconscious, and subconscious. Conscious level deals with our awareness level and unconscious part of mind deals with that part of mind can regain the memories at any time and Unconscious part of mind deals with the suppressed feelings of ones life

Psychoanalysis gives more importance to unconscious part of the mind.

Psychoanalysis points out three aspects of mind which determines our personality. They are IDD (instinctive desires), EGO (reason based on real life experience) and SUPER EGO (moral inhibition).

➖

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

The system of Gestalt psychology was born in Germany and it was forwarded by Max Wertheimer.

The principle of Gestalt psychology is that it is the whole which determines the behavior of its parts.

ಮನೋವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಶಾಲೆಗಳು

ಮನೋವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಶಾಲೆಗಳು

1) ರಚನಾತ್ಮಕತೆ

2) ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕತೆ

3) ನಡವಳಿಕೆ

4) ಮನೋವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ

5) ಗೆಸ್ಟಾಲ್ಟ್ ಮನೋವಿಜ್ಞಾನ

➖

1. ರಚನಾತ್ಮಕತೆ

ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಮನಶ್ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಜ್ಞ ವಿಲ್ಹೆಲ್ಮ್ ವುಂಡ್ಟ್ ರಚನಾತ್ಮಕತೆಯ ಪಿತಾಮಹ.

ಮನೋವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಉದ್ದೇಶವೆಂದರೆ ಮಾನವ ಮನಸ್ಸಿನ ರಚನೆಯನ್ನು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಮಾಡುವುದು ಮತ್ತು ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು.

ರಚನಾತ್ಮಕವಾದಿಗಳ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಮನಸ್ಸು ವಿವಿಧ ಮಾನಸಿಕ ಅನುಭವಗಳ ಒಟ್ಟು ಮೊತ್ತವಾಗಿದೆ (ಆಲೋಚನೆಗಳು ಭಾವನೆಗಳು ನೋವು ಸಂತೋಷ, ದುಃಖ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.) ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಜ್ಞೆಯು ಒಂದು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾನಸಿಕ ಅನುಭವಗಳ ಒಟ್ಟು ಮೊತ್ತವಾಗಿದೆ.

➖

2. ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕತೆ

ಅಮೇರಿಕನ್ ಮನೋವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಪಿತಾಮಹ ವಿಲಿಯಂ ಜೇಮ್ಸ್ ಅವರು ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕತೆಯ ಶಾಲೆಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು.

ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕತೆಯ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಮನೋವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಗುರಿಯು 'ಯಾವುದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ' ಮತ್ತು 'ಯಾವುದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ' ಮಾನಸಿಕ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವಾಗಿದೆ.

➖

3. ಬಿಹೇವಿಯರಿಸಂ

J.B ವ್ಯಾಟ್ಸನ್ ಒಬ್ಬ ಅಮೇರಿಕನ್ ಮನಶ್ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಜ್ಞ ಬಿಹೇವಿಯರ್ ಶಾಲೆಯ ಸ್ಥಾಪಕರು.

ಈ ಶಾಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ ಮನಶ್ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಜ್ಞ ಸ್ಕಿನ್ನರ್ ಥಾರ್ನ್ಡಿಕ್ ಪಾವ್ಲೋವ್ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ.

ವರ್ತನೆಯ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಮನೋವಿಜ್ಞಾನವು ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಾಯೋಗಿಕ ಶಾಖೆಯಾಗಿದೆ, ಇದರ ಉದ್ದೇಶವು ನಡವಳಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುವುದು, ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸುವುದು ಮತ್ತು ಊಹಿಸುವುದು.

➖

4. ಸ್ಕೂಲ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೈಕೋಅನಾಲಿಸಿಸ್

ಈ ಶಾಲೆಯ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾಪಕ ಸಿಗ್ಮಂಡ್ ಫ್ರಾಯ್ಡ್.

ಇದು ಮುಕ್ತ ಸಂಘ ಮತ್ತು ಕನಸಿನ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆಯನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಸುಪ್ತಾವಸ್ಥೆಯ ಮಾನಸಿಕ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆಯ ಮೂಲಕ ಮಾನವ ನಡವಳಿಕೆಯ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನು ಒತ್ತಿಹೇಳುತ್ತದೆ.

ಮಾನವನ ಮನಸ್ಸು ಜಾಗೃತ, ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾಹೀನ ಮತ್ತು ಉಪಪ್ರಜ್ಞೆ ಎಂಬ ಮೂರು ಭಾಗಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾಪೂರ್ವಕ ಮಟ್ಟವು ನಮ್ಮ ಅರಿವಿನ ಮಟ್ಟದೊಂದಿಗೆ ವ್ಯವಹರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮನಸ್ಸಿನ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞೆಯ ಭಾಗವು ಮನಸ್ಸಿನ ಆ ಭಾಗದೊಂದಿಗೆ ವ್ಯವಹರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಯಾವುದೇ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ನೆನಪುಗಳನ್ನು ಮರಳಿ ಪಡೆಯಬಹುದು ಮತ್ತು ಮನಸ್ಸಿನ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾಹೀನ ಭಾಗವು ಒಬ್ಬರ ಜೀವನದ ದಮನಿತ ಭಾವನೆಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ವ್ಯವಹರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

ಮನೋವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆಯು ಮನಸ್ಸಿನ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾಹೀನ ಭಾಗಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯತೆಯನ್ನು ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ.

ಮನೋವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆಯು ನಮ್ಮ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿತ್ವವನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸುವ ಮನಸ್ಸಿನ ಮೂರು ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಎತ್ತಿ ತೋರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಅವುಗಳೆಂದರೆ IDD (ಸಹಜವಾದ ಆಸೆಗಳು), EGO (ನೈಜ ಜೀವನದ ಅನುಭವದ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ) ಮತ್ತು SUPER EGO (ನೈತಿಕ ಪ್ರತಿಬಂಧ).

➖

5. ಗೆಸ್ಟಾಲ್ಟ್ ಸೈಕಾಲಜಿ

ಗೆಸ್ಟಾಲ್ಟ್ ಮನೋವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯು ಜರ್ಮನಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಜನಿಸಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಅದನ್ನು ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್ ವರ್ಥೈಮರ್ ರವಾನಿಸಿದರು.

ಗೆಸ್ಟಾಲ್ಟ್ ಮನೋವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ತತ್ವವೆಂದರೆ ಅದು ಅದರ ಭಾಗಗಳ ನಡವಳಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

🔖🔖

Psychologists and Psychiatrists – Who are They? (Differences)

1. Psychiatrists treat mental issues through medications; Psychologists treat them with therapies.

2. Psychiatrists primarily deal with mental disorders. For Psychologists, it is just one branch.

3. Psychiatrists can prescribe medicine, Psychologists can not.

4. Psychiatry requires a degree in Medicine. Psychology requires a UG & PG degree in Psychology.

5. Psychiatrists deal with complex psychological conditions; Psychologists deal more with behavioural and developmental issues.