Nursing year 2 ▪️ Subject: Child health nursing ▪️ Chapter 1: Introduction ▪️ Topic 1. Modern concept in child health care
Nursing science - Second year Nursing
Subject: Child health nursing
Chapter 1: Introduction
Topic 1. Modern concept in child health care
1. INTRODUCTION TO PEDIATRICS
The health of children has historically been of vital importance to all societies because children are the basic resources of the future of mankind. In any country, mothers and children constitute approximately 60% of the population. In India, woman of child bearing age (15-44 years) constitute 19% of the population and children under 15 years of age constitute about 59% of the total population. By virtue of their large number as well as because of being vulnerable to diseases, mothers and children are the major consumers of health services.
2. DEFINITION AND CONCEPT OF PEDIATRICS
The word "pediatric" is derived from Greek word 'pedia' meaning child and 'iatri' means treatment and 'ics' meaning branch of science. Thus, pediatrics is defined as the branch of medical science that deals with child development and care and with the diseases of childhood and their treatment.
Pediatrics refers to the comprehensive and continued care of children. It serves both in wellness and illness.
Abraham Jacob (1830-1919) is known as the 'Father of pediatrics' because of his many contributions to this field.
3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CHILD HEALTH
The continuance of any society depends on the succeeding generations. Since primitive times, welfare of children has been a sensitive index of general welfare of people.
In India and abroad pediatric population includes children up to 12 years of age. However in developed countries pediatric care is extended up to adolescent age. Previously pediatrics was limited to curative care. Many citations of child care are found in records of ancient civilization.
The historical background of pediatrics is as follows:
• The first citation of qualities of breast milk and child hygiene was in 225 BC in Indian 'Susruta Sanhita'.
• Hippocrates, a Greek philosopher (370-460 BC), also known as 'Father of Modern Medicine' has made significant contributions on diseases found in children.
• The first Indian pediatricians were Kashyapa and Jeevaka (6th century). They worked on children diseases and child care.
• The first manuscript on management of children diseases was written by Kashyapa and Samhita. Thereafter, Susruta and Samhita wrote about Ayurvedic medicine that can be used for children. It was the first written record of pediatrics anywhere in the world. Susruta was known as 'Indian Hippocrates'. He wrote on child rearing practices, infant feeding and diseases of childhood.
• Charak, was the court physician of Peshawar. He wrote on 'care and management of newborn in his Sansthan and Ashtanga- hridaya.
• Arab physician Rhazes (850-923 AD) wrote the first book on the diseases of children.
• In 1472 AD, first book written on pediatrics named 'Bagallarder's' was printed in Italian. This book was related to diseases of children.
• In 1545 AD, Thomas Phare wrote the first book in English on children's diseases.
• In 1802 first pediatric hospital was opened in Paris. In USA Children's Hospital of Philadelphia was opened.
• Pediatrics as speciality came into being in 1860, when Dr Abraham Jacob established first child clinic in New York and started giving special lectures on diseases of children.
• In 1888 AD the first department of Pediatrics was established in Harvard Medical School. At this time, it was realized that diseases of children are different from diseases of adults.
• In the 19th century, antenatal care and pediatric care developed. Slowly people started realizing about children's needs. The Lady Chelmsford All India League for Maternal and Child welfare was established in 1920. Efforts were made by the league to create public awareness about health problems of children by putting exhibitions, publishing a journal and celebrating baby weeks.
• In 1923, the first creche was opened in India to provide day care to children.
4. MODERN PEDIATRICS
It is difficult to say, when Pediatrics became a separate specialty. It developed gradually as the knowledge of developmental needs of children increased in society. Pediatrics as a specialty developed with the establishment of Department of Pediatrics in various medical colleges, establishment of separate pediatric units for children in general hospitals and fondling homes. Today we no longer consider children as miniature adults. Childhood is considered a separate phase of life.
The present concept of health care of child focuses on prevention of illness and promotion of health rather than treatment of illnesses alone. Present focus of pediatrics is shifting from traditional to process oriented one that is based on sound scientific rationale.
5. PEDIATRIC NURSING
Pediatric nursing is the branch of nursing concerned with care of infants and children. It focuses on providing holistic care to infants, children and adolescents. The goal of pediatric nursing is to foster growth and development of the child and promote optimum state of physical, mental and social wellness.
6. CURRENT CONCEPT OF PEDIATRIC NURSING
A- Advocate for child and family
C-Communicate for the child
A- Activate the Child's activities
D- Disseminate information related to child health programs
E-Educate the public about child health
M-Motivate people to participate in child care
I-Investigate available resources
C-Collaborate care
7. PRINCIPLES OF PEDIATRIC NURSING
1. The nurse should begin to build a working relationship with the parents and their children from the time of first contact with them.
2. The nurse should be aware that all behaviors of child are meaningful.
3. The nurse should accept the parents and their children exactly as they are.
4. The nurse should have empathy for parents and children.
5. The nurse should let the parents and children know that their problems are important and the nurse is there to aid in solution of those problems.
6. The nurse must be willing to acknowledge the parent's right to decision concerning their children.
7. The nurse allows the parents and children to express their emotions and even negative emotions.
8. The nurse should ask questions limited to a single idea or reference so that it is easy for the parents and child to understand what is being asked.
9. The nurse should speak in language which the parents and child can understand.
10. The members of health team must make the parents feel that they are working in a collaborative manner for the treatment of their child.
8. TRENDS IN PEDIATRIC NURSING
The latest trends in pediatric nursing are
1. Flexible visiting hours
2. Rooming-in
3. Parents support group
4. School teachers involved in care of hospitalized child
5. Play in school and hospital
6. Care by Parents/Family centered care
7. Health and nursing team
8. Evidence based practice
9. Prevention of disease and promotion of health.
9. MODERN PEDIATRICS
The factors responsible for growth of modern pediatrics are:
1. Progress of medical science and recent advancements in the field of medicine like newer antibiotics..
2. Development in the field of basic science including physics, chemistry and biology.
3. Increasing interest in public health and public welfare.
4. Improved social laws.
5. Improved health facilities.
6. Emphasis on disease prevention and health promotion.
7. Separate pediatric hospitals, MCH clinics, under five clinics and family welfare centers.
8. Child welfare programs.
9. Health promotion and disease prevention programs.
10. Growing realization of special needs of infant and children.
11. Changing attitude of society towards younger members of society.
MCQ questions:
1. What is the modern focus of pediatrics?
a) Treatment of childhood diseases only
b) Prevention of illness and promotion of health
c) Developmental needs of children
d) Providing care for infants and adolescents
2. Who is known as the "Father of pediatrics"?
a) Abraham Jacob
b) Hippocrates
c) Kashyapa
d) Rhazes
3. What is the goal of pediatric nursing?
a) Providing holistic care to children
b) Treatment of childhood diseases
c) Prevention of illness in children
d) Promotion of social wellness in children
4. What are the principles of pediatric nursing?
a) Prevention, treatment, and education
b) Building a working relationship with parents and children
c) Providing holistic care and empathy
d) Collaboration with healthcare teams and families
5. Which of the following is a trend in pediatric nursing?
a) Increased use of traditional treatment methods
b) Limited involvement of parents in child care
c) Focus on evidence-based practice
d) Neglecting disease prevention and health promotion
6. What factors have contributed to the growth of modern pediatrics?
a) Progress in medical science and recent advancements
b) Lack of interest in public health and welfare
c) Decreased emphasis on disease prevention
d) Inadequate health facilities
Answers:
b) Prevention of illness and promotion of health
a) Abraham Jacob
a) Providing holistic care to children
b) Building a working relationship with parents and children
c) Focus on evidence-based practice
a) Progress in medical science and recent advancements
Short questions
1. What is the main focus of modern pediatrics?
2. Who is considered the "Father of pediatrics"?
3. What is the goal of pediatric nursing?
4. Name one principle of pediatric nursing.
5. What are some trends in pediatric nursing?
6. What factors have contributed to the growth of modern pediatrics?
Long type questions
1. Discuss the shift in focus from traditional to modern pediatrics. What are the key elements of the modern concept of child health care?
2. Explore the historical background of child health and pediatrics. How has the understanding of children's needs and diseases evolved over time?
3. Explain the role of pediatric nursing in providing holistic care to infants, children, and adolescents. Discuss the goals and responsibilities of pediatric nurses in promoting the physical, mental, and social wellness of children.
4. Elaborate on the principles of pediatric nursing. How do these principles guide nurses in building relationships with parents and children, promoting empathy, and respecting the rights and decisions of parents in the care of their children?
5. Analyze the current trends in pediatric nursing. Discuss the significance of flexible visiting hours, rooming-in, parent support groups, involvement of school teachers in the care of hospitalized children, and the promotion of health and disease prevention.
6. Evaluate the factors responsible for the growth of modern pediatrics. Discuss the impact of advancements in medical science, developments in basic sciences, changes in social laws and attitudes, and the establishment of specialized pediatric hospitals and clinics in the field of pediatric care.
Please note that these questions are designed to encourage in-depth and comprehensive responses.
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