Medical Knowledge - Part 11

Medical Knowledge - Part 11

41. Number of heart champers: 4

The human heart has four chambers. 

The upper two chambers are called atria (singular: atrium), and the lower two chambers are called ventricles. 

The right atrium and the left atrium are separated by a thin wall called the interatrial septum, while the right ventricle and the left ventricle are separated by a thick muscular wall called the interventricular septum. 

The heart's four chambers work together to pump oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body and deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs for oxygenation.

42. The function of the stomach?

The stomach receives food from the esophagus. 

As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters the stomach through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter. 

The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that digest food. Ridges of muscle tissue called rugae line the stomach. 

The stomach muscles contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion. 

The pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine.

43. “White of the eye” = Sclera

The term "white of the eye" refers to the sclera, which is the tough, outermost layer of the eyeball. The sclera is composed of dense, fibrous tissue and gives the eye its white appearance. It covers the majority of the eyeball, except for the front portion that is covered by the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera helps to maintain the shape and protect the internal structures of the eye.

44. Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs due to the injury of the median nerve.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition that is often caused by compression or irritation of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. While injury can certainly be a cause of carpal tunnel syndrome, it is important to note that there are other factors that can contribute to its development as well.

The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway in the wrist formed by bones and a band of connective tissue called the transverse carpal ligament. Within this tunnel, the median nerve and several tendons that control finger movement pass through. When the median nerve becomes compressed or irritated, it can lead to symptoms associated with carpal tunnel syndrome.

In addition to injury, other factors that can contribute to carpal tunnel syndrome include repetitive hand and wrist movements, such as typing or assembly line work, certain medical conditions like arthritis or diabetes, hormonal changes (such as during pregnancy), and anatomical factors like a smaller carpal tunnel or a wrist fracture that alters the alignment.

It's worth noting that carpal tunnel syndrome is a complex condition and its development can involve a combination of factors. If you suspect you have carpal tunnel syndrome or are experiencing symptoms, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment options.

45. Rinne’s test compares air conduction with bone conduction.

Rinne's test is a diagnostic test used to evaluate hearing loss and to differentiate between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. It involves comparing air conduction (sound transmitted through the air) with bone conduction (sound transmitted through bone).

During the Rinne's test, a tuning fork is struck and placed against the mastoid bone behind the ear, which stimulates bone conduction. The person being tested is then asked to indicate when they no longer hear the sound. Afterward, the vibrating tuning fork is placed just outside the ear canal, in the air, and the person is again asked to indicate when they no longer hear the sound.

In a normal Rinne's test, air conduction (when the fork is placed in the air) is more effective than bone conduction (when the fork is placed on the mastoid bone). This means that the person hears the sound longer when the tuning fork is in the air. This result indicates that the auditory system is functioning normally, as air conduction is the usual route for sound to reach the inner ear.

In cases of conductive hearing loss, where there is a problem with sound transmission through the outer or middle ear, bone conduction may be more effective or nearly equal to air conduction. This suggests that the problem lies in the conduction of sound through the external or middle ear.

In sensorineural hearing loss, which is caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve, air conduction is more effective than bone conduction, but the overall ability to hear may be reduced.

Rinne's test is just one of several tests used to assess hearing, and it provides valuable information to help determine the type and nature of hearing loss. A comprehensive evaluation by an audiologist or healthcare professional is necessary to make a definitive diagnosis.

46. Toe dancer’s muscle = Gastrocnemius.

The term "toe dancer's muscle" refers to the gastrocnemius muscle, which is one of the major muscles located in the calf of the leg. The gastrocnemius muscle is responsible for plantar flexion of the foot, which means pointing the foot downward. This muscle plays a crucial role in activities such as walking, running, and jumping.

In ballet or other activities that involve dancing on tiptoes, the gastrocnemius muscle is particularly important. It provides the necessary strength and power to rise up onto the toes and maintain balance in this position. The strength and flexibility of the gastrocnemius muscle are key factors in performing various dance movements, such as relevés or rises.

It's worth noting that the soleus muscle, which is another calf muscle located beneath the gastrocnemius, also contributes to plantar flexion of the foot. Both the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles work together to provide the necessary force for toe dancing and other activities that involve pointing the foot downward.

47. Sartorius is the longest muscle in the human body.

The sartorius muscle is considered the longest muscle in the human body. It is a long, strap-like muscle that extends from the outer hip region, crossing the front of the thigh, and attaching to the inner side of the tibia (shinbone) near the knee joint. The name "sartorius" is derived from the Latin word for "tailor" because its action resembles the cross-legged sitting position that tailors commonly adopt.

The sartorius muscle has several functions, including flexing and rotating the hip joint, as well as flexing and laterally rotating the knee joint. It plays a role in movements such as walking, running, and climbing stairs. Due to its long and slender structure, the sartorius muscle spans a considerable distance, making it the longest muscle in the human body.

It's worth noting that there are other long muscles in the body, such as the gracilis muscle, which is also located in the thigh region. However, the sartorius muscle is typically recognized as the longest muscle based on its length and the distance it covers along the thigh and leg.

48. Structure of tooth: 

It has 3 regions.

            

1.Crown – Part which project above gum

2.Neck - Part surrounded by gum

3.Root - Part embedded in bone, the incisor and canine and lower premolar have one root, upper premolar and lower molar have 2 roots and upper molar have 3 roots.

Tooth consists of enamel which is the hardest part of human body. It covers the dentine of crown. Dentine has many canaliculi that pass radially from the pulp cavity. Cement covers root of tooth. Periodontal membrane covers cement and fixes tooth in socket (Thecodont).

Inside tooth, there is pulp cavity containing mass of cells, blood vessels and nerve constitute pulp. It is for growth of tooth. Dentine forming odontoblast and enamel forming ameloblast cells are also present.

49. Circulatory System: Pumps, Pipes, and Powerhouses of the Body!

🔹Introduction

Welcome, young explorers, to the incredible world of the circulatory system! Brace yourselves for an exciting journey where we will delve into the pulsating heart, navigate through the winding blood vessels, and witness the magic of this life-sustaining network.

🔹Meet the Superhero: The Heart 

At the center of this extraordinary system lies the heart, our very own superhero! 

Shaped like a muscular cone, this fist-sized powerhouse tirelessly pumps blood to every nook and cranny of our body. 

The heart beats about 100,000 times each day - that's more than 35 million times a year! Isn't that astonishing?

🔹Blood - The Magical Potion of Life 

Blood is the precious elixir that flows through the circulatory system, delivering oxygen and nutrients to every cell and collecting waste products for disposal. 

Did you know that an average adult has about 5 liters of blood coursing through their veins? That's like carrying around a few cans of soda in your body!

▪️Blood Components: The Dream Team 

Let's take a closer look at the three main components of blood: Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells cells, and Platelets. 

1. Red blood cells, resembling tiny donuts, carry oxygen using a special protein called hemoglobin. 

2. White blood cells act as our body's defense force, fighting off harmful invaders. 

3. Platelets are the superheroes of clotting, swooping in to stop bleeding when we get a cut.

▪️Blood Types - A Colorful Mix 

Blood comes in different types, labeled as A, B, AB, and O. 

This classification is based on the presence or absence of certain proteins on red blood cells. 

O is the most common blood type, while AB is the rarest. Knowing your blood type can be crucial for blood transfusions and donations, so it's like a secret superhero code!

🔹The Marvelous Blood Vessels 

Now, let's venture into the intricate network of blood vessels that crisscross our bodies, resembling a bustling city's highways.

▪️Arteries - The Speed Racers 

Arteries are the fast lanes of the circulatory system, carrying oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to all body parts. Just like lightning bolts, they have thick and elastic walls, allowing them to endure the pressure from the heart's powerful pumps.

▪️Veins - The Return Journeys 

Veins are like the return lanes, bringing oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. They have one-way valves to prevent any backward flow. Did you know that veins appear blue but are actually red? It's a sneaky trick played by light when it passes through the skin!

▪️Capillaries - The Tiny Passageways 

Capillaries are the tiniest and most numerous blood vessels, connecting arteries and veins. Picture them as narrow streets where all the action happens. They allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and body cells. If we stretched out all the capillaries in our body, they could wrap around the Earth more than 2.5 times! Talk about a mind-boggling network!

🔹The Amazing Circulatory Process 

Now that we understand the key players, let's follow the journey of a single drop of blood as it travels through our circulatory system.

▪️Oxygenation Station

Our journey begins in the lungs, where oxygen from the air we breathe enters the bloodstream. Oxygen attaches itself to red blood cells, transforming them into oxygen-loaded warriors ready to energize our cells.

▪️The Great Pumping Adventure 

The heart's mighty muscles contract, propelling oxygen-rich blood into the aorta, the largest artery. From there, it branches off into smaller arteries, delivering oxygen to every organ, tissue, and cell in the body.

▪️A Tour of the Body 

As the oxygen is used up, blood returns to the heart through veins, gradually making its way to the right atrium. From there, it gets a boost from the heart's right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs to release carbon dioxide and pick up a fresh supply of oxygen.

🔹Facts:

1. The human heart creates enough pressure to squirt blood up to 30 feet away! That's like the length of two school buses parked end-to-end.

2. Your heart beats faster when you're excited or scared. It's like a drum roll celebrating all your thrilling adventures!

3. If all the blood vessels in your body were laid out in a line, they could wrap around the Earth's equator about 2.5 times! It's like a mind-blowing marathon.

4. On any given day, your heart pumps enough blood to fill a small swimming pool. Now that's a pool party like no other!

🔹Conclusion

Congratulations, intrepid explorers! You have successfully embarked on a thrilling journey through the amazing world of the circulatory system. You now know how the heart pumps life-giving blood, how blood vessels serve as the highways, and how blood itself is the magical potion of life.

Remember, the circulatory system is like the unsung hero of your body, tirelessly working to keep you alive and kicking. So take good care of it by eating a balanced diet, staying active, and listening to your heart's desires.

50. HELLP is - Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes and Low Platelets.

HELLP syndrome is an acronym that stands for Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets. It is a serious medical condition that can occur during pregnancy, typically in the third trimester. HELLP syndrome is considered a variant or complication of preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs, particularly the liver and kidneys.

Here's a breakdown of each component of the acronym:

1. Hemolysis: Hemolysis refers to the breakdown or destruction of red blood cells. In HELLP syndrome, red blood cells are damaged, leading to a decrease in their count and function. This can result in anemia and related symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.

2. Elevated Liver enzymes: In HELLP syndrome, liver enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), become elevated. This indicates liver damage or dysfunction. Elevated liver enzymes can cause symptoms like abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

3. Low Platelets: Platelets are small blood cells involved in clotting. In HELLP syndrome, platelet count decreases, leading to thrombocytopenia. This can result in abnormal bleeding or difficulty with blood clotting, leading to symptoms such as easy bruising, bleeding gums, or prolonged bleeding.

HELLP syndrome is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. It can pose risks to both the mother and the fetus. Treatment may involve close monitoring, blood transfusions, medication to manage blood pressure, and potentially early delivery of the baby.

It's important for pregnant individuals to seek regular prenatal care and promptly report any concerning symptoms to their healthcare provider to detect and manage conditions like preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome.

51. Vertigo is the most characteristic manifestation of Meniere’s disease.

Vertigo is indeed one of the most characteristic manifestations of Meniere's disease. 

[Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that affects balance and hearing. It is characterized by recurring episodes of vertigo, along with symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing or buzzing in the ear), and a feeling of fullness or pressure in the affected ear]

Vertigo refers to a spinning or whirling sensation that individuals with Meniere's disease often experience during episodes. It is typically described as a sensation of dizziness and loss of balance, as if the environment or the person themselves is spinning or moving when they are not.

These episodes of vertigo in Meniere's disease can last from minutes to hours and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sweating, and a general feeling of unwellness.

It's important to note that while vertigo is a characteristic manifestation of Meniere's disease, not all cases of vertigo are caused by Meniere's disease. Vertigo can have various other causes, such as inner ear infections, vestibular migraines, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), or other vestibular disorders.

If you suspect you have Meniere's disease or are experiencing recurring episodes of vertigo, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of your symptoms.

52. Snellen’s Test is used to assess visual acuity.

Snellen's test, also known as the Snellen chart or Snellen's eye chart, is a commonly used tool to assess visual acuity. It is named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen, who developed the chart in the 1860s.

The Snellen chart consists of multiple rows of letters or symbols in different sizes. The letters at the top of the chart are larger and easier to see, while the letters at the bottom are progressively smaller. During the test, a person is asked to read the letters on the chart from a specific distance (usually 20 feet or 6 meters) while covering one eye at a time.

The result of the Snellen test is expressed as a fraction, such as 20/20, 20/40, or 6/6, where the first number represents the distance at which the chart is viewed (e.g., 20 feet), and the second number indicates the distance at which a person with normal vision can read the same line of letters. For example, if a person has 20/20 vision, it means they can read at 20 feet what a person with normal vision can read at 20 feet.

The Snellen chart is widely used in clinical settings, eye examinations, and screenings to assess visual acuity and detect potential vision problems. However, it is important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall visual function, and a comprehensive eye examination may include additional tests to evaluate other aspects of vision, such as peripheral vision, color vision, and depth perception.

53. NG Tube Measurements

NEX-Nose Ear Lobe To Xiphoid Process.

The NEX measurement refers to the distance from the nose to the ear lobe to the xiphoid process. 

This measurement is commonly used in healthcare settings to estimate the correct placement of a nasogastric (NG) tube.

To measure the NEX distance, follow these steps:

1. Ask the patient to lie down comfortably on their back.

Locate the patient's xiphoid process, which is the bony protrusion at the bottom of the sternum (breastbone).

2. Measure the distance from the patient's nose to the ear lobe.

3. Starting from the xiphoid process, mark the measured distance on the NG tube with a piece of tape or a marker.

4. Lubricate the tip of the NG tube.

5. Insert the NG tube through the patient's nostril, advancing it gently and carefully until the marked point reaches the nostril.

6. Once the marked point reaches the nostril, secure the tube in place and verify its placement using appropriate techniques (e.g., aspiration of gastric contents, X-ray).

It's important to note that the NEX measurement is an estimation and may vary slightly between individuals.

54. Number of Ribs: 24 (12 Pairs)

The human body generally has 24 ribs, with 12 pairs of ribs. 

The first 7 pairs of ribs are known as true ribs, which are attached directly to the sternum (breastbone) by their own cartilage. 

The next 3 pairs of ribs are called false ribs because they are not directly attached to the sternum, but are instead connected to the 7th rib by cartilage. 

The last 2 pairs of ribs are floating ribs because they are not attached to the sternum or any other ribs, but are instead connected to the spine.