For GNM Nursing students - Ist Year. Unit 4. Motivation, Emotion and Attitudinal Processes
For GNM Nursing students - Ist Year
Unit 4
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Motivation, Emotion and Attitudinal Processes
Syllabus:
• Motivation: Meaning and definition, motives and behaviour, types, theories. Frustration and conflicts, resolution of conflict
• Emotions: Definition, components, changes during emotions, emotional adjustments, emotions in health and. illness theories.
• Stress: Meaning, stressors, cycle, effect, adaptation and coping.
• Attitude: Meaning and nature, development, factors affecting behaviour and attitudes, Attitude change
• Psychometric assessment of emotions and attitudes
• Alterations in emotions
• Applications
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Study Materials
MOTIVATION
MEANING & CONCEPT
• Why do students burn midnight oil during the days of examination?
• Why do you learn to cycle even after getting many cuts and bruises?
• Why does an athlete get up early in the morning and practice in spite of odd seasons?
Motivation is the answer for all these "why" and "how".
It is something which prompts, compels, and energizes an individual to act or behave in a particular fashion at a particular time for attaining some specific goal or purpose.
MOTIVATION CYCLE
• There is a force behind every motivation. These are our basic need and can be named as motives.
• Our needs (biological /sociological and psychological) give birth to motive(a dynamic force to motivate an individual) and it gives motivation.
• The motivation functions as a continuous flow in the shape of a cycle name as motivational cycle.
• The behaviour is initiated on account of some inherent need. It is a desire/want/need.
• The intensified need is called drive.
• He became quite anxious for the satisfaction which leads to arousal of actions.
• It initiates one's behaviour to a goal directed path.
• Then the organism reaches the desired goal and feels satisfied with the need.
• The satisfaction provides a temporary halt to his behavioural activities due to reduction of arousal.
MOTIVATION AND LEARNING
• One can learn to the degree or extent he is ready or willing to learn.
• This readiness is called motivation.
• Interest is the central factor in every learning process.
• The motivation for learning may be intrinsic (cognition, affect, conation) or extrinsic (operant conditioning or social conditioning)
TYPES OF MOTIVATION
• Natural Motivation/Intrinsic motivation: This directly linked with natural instincts (innate pattern of behaviour in response to certain stimuli), urges (a strong desire or impulse), impulses (a sudden strong desire to act).
This act finds interest within the activity. It carries own reward and it is genuine interest.
• Unnatural or Extrinsic Motivation: In this the source of pleasure does not lie within the task. The learning of an individual is motivated by external reward such as an honour, rewards etc.
• It is always better to make use of the Intrinsic motivation as it is better and more advantageous.
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
The process and mechanism of motivation can be explained in number ways such as,
• Need and drive reduction theory.
• Instinctive Theory.
• Social urges theory.
• Goal oriented theory.
•Two Factor theory.
• Reinforcement theory.
• Self Actualization theory.
1. Need and drive reduction theory.
It is the view point of Behaviourists like Watson, and Skinner.
• According to this theory, deviations from homeostasis creates physiological needs.
• These needs result in psychological drive that directs behaviour to meet the need and, ultimately, bring the system back to homeostasis.
• A need or stimulation gives birth to a drive or motive which may be biological.
• The motive sets the motivational behaviour.
• The reduction of the need and the associative drive then works as a reinforcement for maintaining behaviour.
2. Instinctive Theory.
It is Freud's view point.
• He asserted the that human beings are having two instincts such as Eros (erotic life) and Death (desire of destruction) and it decides our motivation.
• Both these instincts cannot act at the same time. When Eros stops death starts Eg: Love failure: Suicide.
• He also suggests that the energy behind Eros is sexual gratification/sex motive which every human being experiences from birth onward.
3. Social urges theory.
It is Adler's view point. He rejected the extreme views of Freud's regarding sex.
• We feel encouraged, we feel capable and appreciated and will generally act in a connected and cooperative way.
• When we are discouraged, we may act in unhealthy ways by competing, withdrawing, or giving up.
• He advocated that human being are motivated primarily by social urges.
• Adlerians believe that "a misbehaving child is a discouraged child
• To maintain self one has to obtain social recognition. This is achieved through domination and superiority.
• In order not to feel inferior he strives for achievement and superiority.
• This is one of the fundamental need of the individual.
4. Goal oriented theory.
• It is otherwise called as Cognitive view point.
• Human behaviour is purposeful with certain end or goal in view.
• The motivational behaviour is always supported by cognitive abilities.
• The achievement of the goal satisfies the individual which in turn reinforces the maintained behaviour.
• We are motivated to set the imbalance right, either by changing our beliefs (cognition) or our behaviour (conation).
Eg. The advertisement "Smoking Kills" either help us to quit smoking (conation)or avoid fear and continue smoking (cognition)
5. Two Factor theory.
According to Herzberg, two kinds of factors affect motivation, and they do it in different ways:
• Hygiene factors. These are factors whose absence motivates, but whose presence has no perceived effect. They are things that when you take them away, people become dissatisfied and act to get them back. Eg. Good salary, benefits and interpersonal relationships.
• Motivators. These are factors whose presence motivates. Their absence does not cause any particular dissatisfaction, it just fails to motivate. Examples are all the things at the top of the Maslow hierarchy, and the intrinsic motivators.
6. Reinforcement theory.
• This is based on Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner.
There are four types of Operant Conditioning:
• Positive reinforcement. Strengthening a behaviour.
You do a good job, you get a bonus & a promotion.
• Negative reinforcement. Strengthening a behaviour. This is the process of having a stressor taken away as a consequence of a behaviour.
• Extinction. Weakening a behaviour. If a person does extra effort, but gets no thanks for it, he stop doing it.
• Punishment. Weakening a behaviour. This is the process of getting a punishment as a consequence of a behaviour.
7. Self Actualization theory.
Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential.
• Esteem needs: Need for self-esteem, achievement. competence, and independences need for recognition and respect from others
• Belongingness and love needs: Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted, need to avoid loneliness and alienation
• Safety needs: Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable, need to feel safe, secure, and stable
• Physiological needs: Need to satisfy hunger and thirst
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